The Arrow of Time in Causal Networks

Published 2022-04-22
Sean Carroll (Caltech and Santa Fe Institute)
simons.berkeley.edu/events/causality-program-exter…
Causality

Abstract:

A macroscopic arrow of time can be derived from reversible and time-symmetric fundamental laws if we assume an appropriate notion of coarse-graining and a Past Hypothesis of low entropy at early times. It is an ongoing project to show how familiar aspects of time's arrow, such as the fact that causes precede effects, can be derived from such a formalism. I will argue that the causal arrow arises naturally when we describe macroscopic systems in terms of a causal network, and make some suggestions about how to fit prediction and memory into this framework.

Sean Carroll is a Research Professor of theoretical physics at the California Institute of Technology, and Fractal Faculty at the Santa Fe Institute. He received his Ph.D. in 1993 from Harvard University. His research focuses on foundational questions in quantum mechanics, spacetime, cosmology, emergence, entropy, and complexity, occasionally touching on issues of dark matter, dark energy, symmetry, and the origin of the universe. Carroll is the author of Something Deeply Hidden, The Big Picture, The Particle at the End of the Universe, From Eternity to Here, and Spacetime and Geometry: An Introduction to General Relativity. He has been awarded prizes and fellowships by the National Science Foundation, NASA, the Sloan Foundation, the Packard Foundation, the American Physical Society, the American Institute of Physics, the American Association for the Advancement of Science, the Freedom From Religion Foundation, the Royal Society of London, and the Guggenheim Foundation. Carroll has appeared on TV shows such as The Colbert Report, PBS's NOVA, and Through the Wormhole with Morgan Freeman, and frequently serves as a science consultant for film and television. He is host of the weekly Mindscape podcast. He lives in Los Angeles with his wife, writer Jennifer Ouellette.

All Comments (21)
  • This talk was accompanied by a live chat that I enjoyed the most in my life (until the last minutes).
  • @johnsorrelw849
    I watched this whole thing to get to slide that was used as the thumbnail. Someone realized that was the most exciting thing in the lecture.
  • @Robinson8491
    I'm happy he can now fully focus on the metaphysics of physics in which I trust he can certainly make breakthroughs and expand our knowledge in interesting ways, where in teaching QM or GR specifically it would be more difficult And I trust in the end this endeavour will tell us much more about the route where to go with QM and GR, so it will help physics directly too in the end. Because he's very good at it, and able to explain it to us
  • @WeeWeeJumbo
    surprised by all the experts in these comments who can rebut all this in half a paragraph. impressive!
  • @mikhailfranco
    There is time asymmetry at the lowest level in particle physics because CP symmetry is violated but CPT symmetry is assumed to hold so T symmetry must be violated.
  • Observations suggest that the initial gravitational entropy of our universe was very low and that certainly needs some good explanation. Penrose's ideas like the Weyl Curvature hypothesis and his CCC cosmological model are mainly motivated by this, and there are other proposals , including S. Carroll's. On the other hand, it's easy to imagine a highly inhomogeneous / anisotropic universe, with lots of primordial black holes , that starts with much higher initial gravitational entropy ! In that hypothetical universe , there is a forward time direction, too.. This universe will expand, probably. Also, these primordial black holes will accrete matter, merge with each other , Hawking- radiate in the far future and so on. Entropy grows there more and more as time goes by.. So, although the low initial entropy of our universe is important and needs explanation, it does not explain, by itself, the existence of the time arrow..
  • @hfelippejr
    08:02 Funny :-) 52:12 “When people say ‘Life is a fight against the increase of entropy’, they have it exactly wrong. The only reason life is possible is because entropy is increasing. If entropy weren't increasing we'd be in thermal equilibrium, there would be no life around, so life is parasitic upon the fact that entropy increases.”
  • @johnsalkeld1088
    Mario ian property is the memory less one - it is fun that the memory less feature is what allows us to remember - it feels right
  • @davidwilkie9551
    Knowing that the presentation is "a foreign language" of symbols specific to the situation in which they were first used, (Dimensional Analysis was the Measurement Problem situation I was unable to process quickly enough to relate to the intended educational purpose), the Intuitive approach is to apply correspondence of what has to be default functionality intended for the Symbolic re-presentation of pure-math phenomena. So the sequences of Quantum Computational AM-FM Logic Fields in a drawing out of a learning process, a dimensionality coordination interpretation of 0-1-2-ness GD&P line-of-sight superposition density-intensity identification of holistic integration, Fluxion-Integral Temporal Calculus, is restricted to Math-Physics analogous combinations of instantaneous trancendental orbital-orbit projection-drawing increments representing the Unit Circle at the Centre of Time Duration Timing, Spheroidal "Neutronic" Conception, and Conic-cyclonic coherence-cohesion objectives in temporal versions of the Hydrogen -> Holographic standing wave modulation in Polar-Cartesian self-defining bubble-modes of Fluxion-Integral Temporal Calculus Condensation here-now-forever, the trancendental aberration foci of self-defining Superspin Modulation Mechanism Lensing of Logarithmic Time Condensation here-now-forever continuous creation-emanation of e-Pi-i Inflation-Geometrical-Drawing-Gravitational Reciproction-recirculation Singularity positioning => pure-math relative-timing ratio-rates motion => Sublimation <-> Zero-infinity Kelvin Freeze-frame phase-locked coherence-cohesion sync-duration shaping-shifting according to empirical laws, in time-timing metastability. Therefore the topic of this video suggests that the perceived Arrow of Time is the directional nature of relative-timing superposition identification of fractal conic-cyclonic resonances in holographic perspectives, Reciproction-recirculation vanishing-into-no-thing ('entropic' hyper-hypo instantaneous remodulation). The Focusing Centre of Time e-Pi-i Resonances, float in Eternity-now Actuality, pure-math motion-potential Interval, and instantaneous => Symbolic re-presentation of Dimensionality coordination sequences is composed of 3D-T abstractions-in-focus, objectives vanishing-into-no-thing, arranged in accordance with our guessed perceptions => Theoretical Calculus Analysis in specified conditions ("Define your Terms philosophically). This is the "Circle of Infinity" Conception experienced since ancient times. The term Causality => pure-math relative-timing ratio-rates Circuitry, Reciproction-recirculation Singularity repositioning shaping - shifting Calculus = cause-effect e-Pi-i QM-TIME Completeness. Therefore General Relativistic relative-timing at Absolute, instantaneous Zero Kelvin Origin of omnidirectional-dimensional cause-effect self-defining Actuality, and so denies any connection to Big Bang Theory reasoning as a dis-located and discrete existence beyond this here-now-forever Causality, a Reciproction-recirculation instantaneous No-thing probability, and is therefore simply impossible in real-time re-evolution, ie AM-FM ONE-INFINITY hyper-hypo resonance circularity-> eternal modulation interference quantization mechanism, this landscaping Actuality floating on No-thing, trancendental condensation projection-drawing Quantum-fields Perspective. Term definition of the concept of "therefore" is equivalent to "observation of superimposed presence in existence", ie Euler's e-Pi-i 1-0-infinity resonance, => macro-micro-loop bonding, <-absolutely inclusive = line-of-sight superposition + trancendental i-reflection Spinfoam-pulse @ Singularity-point positioning-focus containment, in Totality, a "nameless" pure-math relative-timing function=motion. (In the oldest terms) This focus of information In-form-ation substantiation floats on metastable phase-locked coherence-cohesion sync-duration. Gaps between Primes and Triple Points of phase-shifting emulate-corresponds to log-antilog interference positioning resonance bonding.
  • @shishkabobby
    Around 54:30 Dr Carroll argues that the most probably reason for the glass falling over is that the molecules happen to move in the same direction. The microstates must conserve momentum, so I never understood this sort of explanation - it does not conserve momentum. I don't see how integrating a lot of momentum conserving collisions in some finite time interval results in momentum beging imparted to the glass of wine as a whole at as level that could tip over the glass. I do understand Brownian motion, but we are not discussing Brownian motion as the level of the glass of wine. That depends upon fluctuations at the level of single collisions. Why would I expect the glass to topple over from 'random' fluctuations in the distribution of the molecules? Momentum is conserved for the individual particles and for a collection of any set of particles. There is still energy and momentum exchange at the surface of the wine glass and its environment. For a similar reason, I don't expect that the molecules of wine to evaporate rapidly - the liquid is in a lower energy state Aand energy is conserved at the micro level. I was thinking about this in the lab, as I considered a jet of helium gas exiting a nozzle. To understand the ultimate Mach number of the jet (around 250-300), I needed to consider the quantum efficts between individual atoms. A millisecond or so after the atoms were treated as particles in a gas, they were being scatter from single crystal surfaces to produce a diffraction pattern. - they were treated as waves. How do 2 protons, 2 neutrons and 4 electrons form a single wave? Understanding that experiment was a real mind bender for me. Fluid dynamics, Bose condensation and wave/particle duality all in a millisecond :)
  • @dxhelios7902
    It is obvious that time flow is not equal, even if it seems like this due limited context. I can put and event where I state of system in the past. So I by reversing time I would be able to get to the point where I know the past = predicting the future, without calculating the interactions. This is not possible with usual arrow of time.
  • In the second derivative the time t is not exactly 'sqired'.
  • @dxhelios7902
    I wonder if there are experimental proof that microphysics is reversible? I mean from superposition to state and then back?
  • i'm sure there's a reason for this and i get the basic equation he's talking about at the start isn't about gravity, just about forces, but every time i hear someone say "you couldn't tell if the movie of a pendulum going back and forwards was played forwards or backwards" all i can think is, if a movie of a ball being dropped was played you'd always know because gravity only goes one way. i really wish people would say something about gravity only going one direction over time and why that doesn't give us an arrow of time. all the other forces could be positive or negative, but gravity only really goes one way. why isn't that considered time symmetry breaking?
  • @aminam9201
    yeah that message was originally published on the internet since 2006 on hubpages in more details then later on closer to truth youtube channel: the current mathematics and physics are not enough so it is better to focus on improving the current fuel engines by generating a synchronized continuous electromagnetic pads for thrust instead of wasting a huge amount of energy. has been deleted too !
  • @johngough2958
    "Increasing entropy is the sole reason for the asymmetry of the past and the future in the macroscopic world." What about the reverse statement: "The asymmetry of past and future in the macroscopic world is the sole reason fro the increase in entropy"?