The Universe is Hostile to Computers

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Published 2021-08-31
Tiny particles from distant galaxies have caused plane accidents, election interference and game glitches. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

This video was inspired by the RadioLab Podcast "Bit Flip" ve42.co/BF -- they're brilliant science storytellers.

A Huge thanks to Dr Leif Scheick, Calla Cofield and the JPL Media Relations Team.

Thanks to Col Chris Hadfield. Check out his book: chrishadfield.ca/books/

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References:
J. F. Ziegler, "Terrestrial cosmic rays," in IBM Journal of Research and Development, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 19-39, Jan. 1996, doi: 10.1147/rd.401.0019. -- ve42.co/Ziegler1996

D. Binder, E. C. Smith and A. B. Holman, "Satellite Anomalies from Galactic Cosmic Rays," in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 22, no. 6, pp. 2675-2680, Dec. 1975, doi: 10.1109/TNS.1975.4328188 ve42.co/Binder1975

Ziegler, J. F., & Lanford, W. A. (1979). Effect of cosmic rays on computer memories. Science, 206(4420), 776-788 ve42.co/Ziegler1979

Drury, L. O. C. (2012). Origin of cosmic rays. Astroparticle Physics, 39, 52-60. ve42.co/Drury2012

Hess, V. (2018). On the observations of the penetrating radiation during seven balloon flights. arXiv preprint arXiv:1808.02927. --ve42.co/Hess2018

Carlson, P., & De Angelis, A. (2011). Nationalism and internationalism in science: the case of the discovery of cosmic rays. The European Physical Journal H, 35(4), 309-329. -- ve42.co/Carlson2011

Höeffgen, S. K., Metzger, S., & Steffens, M. (2020). Investigating the effects of cosmic rays on space electronics. Frontiers in Physics, 8, 318. -- ve42.co/Hoeffgen2020

Edmonds, L. D., Barnes, C. E., & Scheick, L. Z. (2000). An introduction to space radiation effects on microelectronics. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. -- ve42.co/Edmonds2000

NASA Mars 2020 website covering the specifications of the Perseverance Rover ve42.co/RoverBrains

Australian Government Australian Transport Safety Bureau report on QF72 -- ve42.co/ASTBQantas

Australian Government Australian Transport Safety Bureau summary on QF72 --ve42.co/ASTBQantas2

Great Blog post about QF72 -- ve42.co/DempseyQantas

Michael Barr's report on the Toyota acceleration issue --ve42.co/Barr2015

NASA's Report on Toyota -- ve42.co/NASAToyota

T. C. May and M. H. Woods, "A New Physical Mechanism for Soft Errors in Dynamic Memories," 16th International Reliability Physics Symposium, 1978, pp. 33-40, doi: 10.1109/IRPS.1978.362815. --ve42.co/May1978

P. M. O'Neill and G. D. Badhwar, "Single event upsets for Space Shuttle flights of new general purpose computer memory devices," in IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 1755-1764, Oct. 1994, doi: 10.1109/23.317386. -- ve42.co/ONeill1994

Wikipedia about radiation hardening -- ve42.co/RadHardening

Toward Monitoring Fault-Tolerant Embedded
Systems (Extended Abstract) -- ve42.co/Goodloe2009

Article about speed run -- ve42.co/BurttSpeedrun

Article about speed run -- ve42.co/BountySpeedrun

Article about redundant systems in spaceflight -- ve42.co/NASAComputers

Article about the PowerPC750 -- ve42.co/Wener-FlignerNASA

Fuglesang C, Narici L, Picozza P, Sannita WG. Phosphenes in low earth orbit: survey responses from 59 astronauts. Aviat Space Environ Med. 2006 Apr;77(4):449-52. PMID: 16676658. -- ve42.co/Fuglesang2006

Good article about Cosmic Rays causing flashes -- ve42.co/AtkinsonEye

Good article about radiation resistance -- ve42.co/RoverResistance

Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Paul Peijzel, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Sam Lutfi, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Paul Peijzel, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson, Sam Lutfi, Ron Neal

Written by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
Animation by Ivy Tello, Mike Radjabov, Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek and Charlie Davies
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Filmed by Derek Muller, Raquel Nuno, and Emily Zhang
Edited by Derek Muller and Petr Lebedev
SFX by Shaun Clifford
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Rover Footage From NASA/JPL-Caltech
QF72 footage from the Smithsonian channel    • What Caused Flight 72 to Lose Control...  
SM64 footage from ve42.co/pannenkoek2012
Music from Epidemic Sound
Produced by Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev and Emily Zhang

All Comments (21)
  • Me, a software engineer, encountering a bug after watching this video: "yeah that must be the cosmic radiation again, definitely no errors in my code for sure"
  • @kalebbruwer
    "How did you win?" "I guess the stars just aligned"
  • @M8OfTheNorth
    Imagine being a particle shooting through space for billions of years only to help someone beat a level of Mario.
  • @sabersin7694
    It's a little comforting knowing that if there was ever a robot uprising, the universe would be there to protect us.
  • @timmalcrov8876
    So Cyberpunk isnt "buggy", its just "cosmically attuned"
  • @rabsaque
    Maria can say universe literally was on her side that day
  • @nghiado9895
    My company had an unexplained event like this some 20-25 years ago. The bottom valve of a chemical reactor opened prematurely dropping the batch from that reactor into the next reactor, ruining both batches. The investigation found no issues with hardware and software. Watching this video jogged my memory on that incident and now I truly believe it was caused by cosmic rays.
  • Bro. The amount of knowledge that is out there that we don’t even know about is crazy. I never knew something like this even existed/ considered it. I’m a software engineer and work with computer hardware, never knew this was a thing
  • @h.a.9880
    Just imagine, a black hole shoots a jet of near-light-speed particles in a random direction, one of these particles travels through space for billions of years, passes by stars, black holes, entire galaxies... and then it just sorta makes Mario teleport to a higher platform. The universe is such a weird an crazy place.
  • So the universe itself casted its 4,096 votes, and we just discounted them? sheesh
  • @Morphinwithyou
    As a computer engineer, this is an amazing collection of scientific explanations and history on this issue.
  • @arcane3877
    Just want to say that I absolutely love this channel, after getting out of school and feeling like questions I've had as a kid get shut down all the time amongst other things. Your videos rekindle my fascination with all things science, not only that but you're able to break down and explain some wildly complicated things that most people wouldn't even begin to understand. Just goes to show how much effort you put into research and understanding, as well as talking to field professionals & experts. It doesn't go unnoticed and I hope you never stop making these. Thank you Derek!
  • @AntsCanada
    Ok but how do we get one of those charged particles to flip a 0 in our bank accounts so we can get an extra million $$$$ by mistake? Asking for a friend.
  • @mikemio8943
    One of the most interesting docs I've seen in a while. Keep up the good work.
  • @jailyngordon4798
    Several years ago I saw a flash of light just as I closed my eyes and sat down on my bed. I tried recreating it, thinking it was the sunlight shining through my window, but nothing like it ever happened again, no matter how I moved around my room. Now, I finally have a possible explanation.
  • @200_cuentos
    Imagine sitting in a plane and the guy next to you pulls out a Geiger counter.
  • @JCW7100
    "Computers work precisely because bits don't flip unless we want them to. Or do they?" Cue Vsauce music.
  • @atti92
    Hearing the music slowly fading in, the same song that you've been using for like 10 yrs now feels like home when i watch your videos. thank you!
  • @tortolexie3891
    Yeah I agree with the others. This is honestly one of the best educational videos I have come across on the internet. It opened my mind about a lot of things, one is that we shouldn’t let our everyday work stress us out too much, because if problems or “errors” did not exist we would not progress as problem solvers and critical thinkers.